Ask me in a week, and my five will probably be different. But right now, picking just from string concertos and chamber music:
Alfred Hill, Viola Concerto
Amanda Maier, Violin Sonata
Laura Valborg Aulin, String Quartet No. 1
Henry Holden Huss, "Munich" Piano Trio
Ricardo Castro, Cello Concerto
Much of Cesar Franck's work seems to be in shadow at present. The Violin Sonata gets played but the chamber music, the Symphony in D minor and the Symphonic Variations, which were popular in the 50s and 60s seem absent from concert programmes this century. Much of his piano and organ music is excellent too.
Sorry Jake, I've gone beyond the five!
One could nominate many of Haydn's quartets - most of them deserve to be better known and played more frequently.
Now to remedy some of my ignorance by looking for some of the above suggestions on Youtube. (Fanny Mendelssohn's trio is playing just now - very impressive).
Hamilton Harty, Violin Concerto
Luise Adolpha Le Beau, Cello Sonata
Walter Rabl, Clarinet Quartet
Niels Gade, String Octet
Julian Carrillo, String Sextet
I had a curious incident with the slow movement of the D minor Symphony in a practical musicianship exam some years ago. The examiner played a big slice of the opening of the slow movement for me to comment on, supposing that it was an unknown work. What could I say? It would have been a fraud to say 'It sounds like a piano arrangement of a Franco-Belgian symphonic work of the late nineteenth century,' so I asked him what should I do if I knew the work. He said I should tell him what it was, which I did. He chuckled and said 'Full marks!'
Bonus:
Bruch #2 & #3
Viotti Concerti, at least the 22nd
Szymanowski Sonata and other works besides Mythes (not so well known)
Schumann Sonatas in general (FAE is also interesting and beautifully composed by all the composers.)
Dvorak violin and piano works
I am biased... violin, violin, violin. Also the works are not so much unknown, but rather a bit forgotten, and thus relegated to relative obscurity.
Another piece that is lovely is Prie Ezerelio (By the Lake) by Balys Dvorionas. There is a recording by Gluzman on YouTube.
The long 3-4 sonata solo violin/piano recital is a bit too predictable nowadays, IMHO, even though I will still support modern artists (when recitals finally come back, of course.)
...if we were looking for flashier stuff.
Usually when I play a piece, it gets pretty embedded in my memory, but I can't for the life of me remember what Vieuxtemps 2 sounds like - I just don't get his music.
Vieuxtemps 4 & 5 are also well known, yet rarely perfomed. The other concertos are also worth it, at least 2, 3, and 1.
Of course there are myriads of works that are very rare, of which many have been mentioned above. And though they may deserve to be heard more often, many ex-concert pieces now considered "student works" also deserve more modern attention. I would honestly listen to a supposedly "bad" Vieuxtemps Concerto that is rarely performed, than one of the Arriaga Quartets, even if scholarship deems the latter a genius composer. Vieuxtemps was considered a good composer in his time anyway.
Agree about the Ballad et Polonaise, and even the Fantasia, but doubt we are getting them to the concert stage. I personally love his repertoire, and even listening to his relatively scarce recordings. Worth studying at the very least.
My apologies to all of those who may be offended by my most apparent lack of good taste. I play the violin, and am biased that way. Enjoy what you love in peace.
Is Charles Ives obscure for you Jake, or are you familiar already with his violin sonatas?
The problem with asking elitists what's obscure for them is, you are inviting them to play a showing-off game.
Also, this is not the first time he has expressed interest in lesser-known music.
Ironically some pieces might not get programmed because of a perception that they are too familiar.
I heard an apocryphal story from a pianist friend about Van Cliburn's first solo recital at Carnegie Hall, in which he played Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata. Supposedly the management objected to Cliburn's proposed program, saying the "Moonlight" Sonata was overplayed. Cliburn, who had evidently done his homework, responded that he would take the sonata off his program if they could show him proof that it had ever been played at Carnegie Hall before. It had not. Despite being one of the most famous piano sonatas in the repertoire, it is rarely played in professional recitals.
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2. Fanny Mendelssohn - string quartet (and other chamber music)
3. Carl Nielsen's clarinet concerto
4. Paul Hindemith's first string quartet in C
5. Dvorak String Quartet no 8 in E